A digital will is an informal document that lists your digital assets along with instructions on how to access and manage them after you die. If you or your spouse spend time online, preparing a digital will is helpful for your loved ones and can help protect your privacy. Here is what you should know.

Do You Have Digital Assets?

The term "digital assets" refers to personal information that is stored electronically on either a computer or an online cloud server account that belongs to an individual. Anyone who uses email, has a PIN-protected cell phone, makes online purchases or pays bills online has digital assets. Digital assets generally require a username, password or PIN to access and can be difficult to retrieve if someone is incapacitated or passes away.

Creating a digital will (also known as a digital estate plan) will help your loved ones access your electronic devices and online accounts after your death. A digital will can also guide them in managing your digital assets according to your wishes. This, in turn, will protect your dormant accounts and assets from hackers or potential fraud after you die.

How to Write a Digital Will

Your first step in creating a digital will is to make an inventory list of your digital assets,which includes everything from hardware to email accounts. Here are a few categories to help kick-start your list:

• Electronic devices (computer, smartphone, tablet, external hard drive)
• Digital files (photos, videos or documents)
• Financial accounts (bank and brokerage accounts, credit cards, cryptocurrency)
• Bill paying accounts (utilities, mortgage accounts)
• Social media accounts
• Email accounts
• Cloud-storage accounts
• Movie or music streaming services
• Online purchasing accounts
• Subscription services (magazines, newspapers)
• Reward programs (travel, stores)
• Membership organizations

When making your list, you should include usernames, passwords, PINs, account numbers and security questions used for accessing each account. You should also provide detailed instructions on how you want your assets managed after your death. Some questions to consider include: Do you want certain accounts closed, archived or transferred? Do you want specific files or photos to be deleted or shared with loved ones? Do you want your social media profiles memorialized or deleted?

You may also consider appointing a digital executor to manage your digital assets and execute your wishes after you die. This person would be responsible for accessing your accounts and deleting, downloading, converting or managing your files and profiles.

From a legal perspective, it is important to know that most states have enacted the Revised Uniform Fiduciary Access to Digital Assets Act (RUFADAA), which legally recognizes digital estates. This law gives your personal representative or executor authority to manage some kinds of digital property including web domains and virtual currency. Legal access to other digital assets, such as emails and social media accounts, requires consent through your estate planning documents or other means.

Once your digital will is prepared, securely store it with your other estate plan documents. Storage options include a fireproof safe, a file cabinet at home, on your computer hard drive, with your estate planning attorney or with a reputable online digital estate planning service. Also, let your executor know where your digital will is stored and how to access it. Remember to keep your digital will updated whenever you create any new digital accounts or change passwords.

Savvy Living is written by Jim Miller, a regular contributor to the NBC Today Show and author of "The Savvy Living" book. Any links in this article are offered as a service and there is no endorsement of any product. These articles are offered as a helpful and informative service to our friends and may not always reflect this organization's official position on some topics. Jim invites you to send your senior questions to: Savvy Living, P.O. Box 5443, Norman, OK 73070.

IRS Commissioner Danny Werfel stated, "We continue to see instances where tax professionals have had their systems compromised, and they did not realize it for weeks or months. Identity thieves are creative, and they can find ways of quietly penetrating systems. There are important warning signs tax pros should watch out for that can help alert them more quickly to a security issue and speed is critical to protect clients and their businesses from a security incident."

These tax security tips are explained at Nationwide Tax Forums held in Orlando, Baltimore, Dallas and San Diego. These forums are rapidly filling up and the IRS expects to have a sold-out attendance at each one.

There are several warning signs that individuals and tax preparers should watch for to protect themselves from identity thieves.

1. Unexpected IRS Online Account - If you received notice that a taxpayer has created an IRS Online Account without his or her consent or that the IRS has disabled an existing taxpayer online account, there is a problem.
2. Surprise Tax Transcript - It is possible to request a tax transcript through your IRS account. However, a fraudster may have initiated that request for a tax transcript.
3. Incorrect IRS Balance Due - If the IRS sends a notice that states an incorrect balance due for a taxpayer, there is probably an incorrect return filed by a fraudster.
4. Unexpected Client Calls - The tax preparer may receive client calls that claim to respond to a request. However, the initial request to the client may have come from a fraudster and not the tax preparer.
5. Unexpected Refund - A taxpayer may receive a refund without filing a tax return.
6. Slow Computer Response - The fraudster may have uploaded malware that reduces the responsiveness of your computer. Because information is being sent by the computer to identity thieves, the computer network may slow down. In addition, a computer cursor may move on its own or data may be changed without actions by the tax preparer. Finally, the tax professional could be locked out of his or her computer network.
7. Duplicate Social Security Number - If the fraudster files a return using the taxpayer's Social Security Number, a later return filed by the tax preparer may be rejected.
8. Extra IRS Filing Receipts - A tax preparer may receive more acknowledgments from the IRS than returns filed.

Tax preparers should immediately notify the IRS Stakeholder Liaison if there is an attack. There also is a Federation of Tax Administrators with appropriate contacts for state tax agencies. It is important to be proactive to reduce any potential losses for clients

Finding a reliable and trustworthy in-home caregiver for an elderly parent is not always easy. How can you ensure you find a caregiver that your parent likes and is comfortable with? Here are some tips that can help.

Know Your Parent's Needs

Before you start the task of looking for an in-home caregiver, your first step is to determine the level of care your parent needs. For example, if they only need help with daily living tasks like shopping, cooking, doing laundry, bathing or dressing, a "homemaker" or "personal care aide" could be sufficient. If your parent also needs health care services due to a condition or a disability, a "home health aide" can provide all the services a personal care aide does, plus they have training in administering medications, changing wound dressings and other medically-related duties. Home health aides often work under a nurse's supervision.

Once you settle on a level of care, you then need to decide how many hours of assistance they will need. For example, does your parent need someone to come in just a few mornings a week to cook, clean, run errands or help with a bath? Or do they need more continuous care that requires daily visits?

After you determine their needs, there are two ways in which you can go about hiring someone. You can hire someone ither through an agency or you can hire someone directly.

Hiring Through an Agency

Hiring a personal care or home health aide through an agency is the safest and easiest option, but it is more expensive. Costs typically run anywhere between $30 and $50 an hour depending on where you live and the qualification of the aide.

An agency will handle everything including an assessment of your parent's needs, assigning appropriately trained and pre-screened staff to care for them and finding a substitute caregiver on days the aide cannot come.

Some of the drawbacks, however, are that you may not have much input into the selection of the caregiver and caregivers may change or alternate, which can cause a disruption to your parent's routine.

To find a home care agency in your parent's area, use your preferred search engine with key words "home health care" or "non-medical home care" followed by the city and state your parent lives in. You can also visit Medicare's search tool at Medicare.gov/care-compare - and select the button for "home health services."

It is also important to know that original Medicare does not cover in-home caregiving services unless your parent has receiving doctor ordered skilled nursing or therapy services at home too. But, if your parent is in a certain Medicare Advantage plan, or is low-income and qualifies for Medicaid, he may be eligible for some coverage.

Original Medicare may cover eligible home health services for persons who are homebound and need part-time or intermittent skilled services like doctor ordered skilled nursing or therapy services. Medicare, however, will not pay for 24-hour-a-day care, homemaker services unrelated to your care plan or personal care activities, when it is the only care needed. If your parent has Medicare benefits through a Medicare Advantage Plan, you should verify with your plan about home health benefits. If your parent is eligible for Medicaid, they may also receive assistance with personal care activities.

Hiring Directly

Hiring an independent caregiver on your own is the other option, and it can be less costly. Costs typically range between $14 and $28 per hour. Hiring directly also gives you more control over who you hire, which allows you to choose someone who you feel is right for your parent.

Be aware that if you do hire someone on your own, you become the employer and there is no agency support to fall back on if a problem occurs or if the aide does not show up. You are also responsible for paying payroll taxes and compensating for any work-related injuries that may happen. If you choose this option, make sure you check the aide's references and thoroughly conduct background checks.

Savvy Living is written by Jim Miller, a regular contributor to the NBC Today Show and author of "The Savvy Living" book. Any links in this article are offered as a service and there is no endorsement of any product. These articles are offered as a helpful and informative service to our friends and may not always reflect this organization's official position on some topics. Jim invites you to send your senior questions to: Savvy Living, P.O. Box 5443, Norman, OK 73070.

Unfortunately, having a parent or sibling with macular degeneration increases your chances of developing the condition by three to four times. However, the good news is that there are steps you can take to protect your eyesight and treatments available if you do get it. Here is what you should know.

What is AMD?

Macular degeneration, also known as age-related macular degeneration, is the most common cause of severe vision loss in people over age 60, affecting an estimated 20 million Americans.

AMD is a progressive eye disease that damages the macula, the part of the eye that allows us to see objects clearly, causing vision loss in the center of your vision. This affects the ability to do routine daily tasks like reading, driving and watching television, but it does not cause total blindness.

There are two types of AMD – dry and wet. Dry AMD, which affects about 85% to 90% of all people that have AMD, progresses slowly and painlessly over a period of years. Wet AMD is much more aggressive and can cause severe vision loss in a matter of weeks or months.

Factors that can increase your risk of getting AMD include age (60 and older), smoking, excessive exposure to sunlight especially if you have light-colored eyes, certain genetic components, a family history of AMD, high blood pressure, obesity and race.

What You Can Do

For anyone over the age of 65, it is recommended to have an annual eye examination by an ophthalmologist. They can spot early signs of AMD before vision loss occurs. Early signs may include shadowy areas in your central vision or unusually fuzzy or distorted vision.

The Amsler grid is also an excellent tool to check your eyes for AMD at home. You can find and use an Amsler chart by searching for it online.

There is currently no cure for AMD but if you are high risk, there are steps you can take to help manage it. These include eating antioxidant-rich foods such as dark green, leafy vegetables, and cold-water fish for their omega-3 fatty acids. Protecting your eyes from the sun by wearing UV protective sunglasses, controlling high blood pressure and exercising regularly may also help. If you smoke, quitting is another important step to help reduce risk.

Dry AMD Treatments

If you are diagnosed with AMD, your doctor may recommend taking a daily dose of antioxidant vitamins and minerals known as AREDS or AREDS2. Studies by the National Eye Institute have shown that while taking these supplements cannot prevent you from getting AMD, they can reduce your risk of progression from intermediate to advanced AMD by about 25%.

There are also two new medications (Syfovre and Izervay) that were approved by the FDA last year to treat a late-stage form of AMD called geographic atrophy (GA). These treatments, which are given either monthly or every other month in the form of an injection into the eye, can slow the progression of GA.

Wet AMD Treatments

For wet AMD, there are several anti-vascular endothelial growth factor drugs (anti-VEGF) medications like Avastin, Lucentis and Eylea that can stop vision loss and may even restore it. These medications, which have been around for more than a decade, are also given by injection into the eye and repeated every month or two.

Newer anti-VEGF drugs, like Vabysmo and Eyla HD, are also highly effective but do not require monthly treatments. Most patients on these medications can go three to four months between injections.

Medical Advice

The information in this article is for informational purposes only. Always consult the advice of a doctor or other qualified medical professional for any questions regarding a medical condition or treatment.

Savvy Living is written by Jim Miller, a regular contributor to the NBC Today Show and author of "The Savvy Living" book. Any links in this article are offered as a service and there is no endorsement of any product. These articles are offered as a helpful and informative service to our friends and may not always reflect this organization's official position on some topics. Jim invites you to send your senior questions to: Savvy Living, P.O. Box 5443, Norman, OK 73070.